ANSWER:
CASE 1.
The authors of the article have email addresses associated with the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, despite their academic affiliations being in Kazakhstan. The European email domains are not associated with a university or research institute.
These suspicious and unique emails are a feature of the paper mill Tanu.pro. After these suspicious emails were discovered, the paper mill not only started to submit papers with commercial emails but also changed emails in already published papers. This paper from 2022 has new emails on the right. This means that some journals are probably under the control of paper mills.
CASE 1.
The authors of the article have email addresses associated with the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, despite their academic affiliations being in Kazakhstan. The European email domains are not associated with a university or research institute.
These suspicious and unique emails are a feature of the paper mill Tanu.pro. After these suspicious emails were discovered, the paper mill not only started to submit papers with commercial emails but also changed emails in already published papers. This paper from 2022 has new emails on the right. This means that some journals are probably under the control of paper mills.
