This is a screenshot of the text of a paper. Do you see anything problematic in it?
This text contains many tortured phrases. Tortured phrases are established terms that have been automatically replaced with their synonyms. In many cases, this is done to avoid plagiarism detection.
For example, in this case, 'carbon discharges' is a tortured phrase for 'carbon emissions,' and 'energy utilisation' is a substitute for 'energy consumption'. See the details in the comment on PubPeer:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/C8A6BDB07F2833D3398D0D8CDF8068
Tortured phrases were detected by Cabanac, G., Labbé, C., & Magazinov, A. (2021). Tortured phrases: A dubious writing style emerging in science. Evidence of critical issues affecting established journals. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.06751.
For example, in this case, 'carbon discharges' is a tortured phrase for 'carbon emissions,' and 'energy utilisation' is a substitute for 'energy consumption'. See the details in the comment on PubPeer:
https://pubpeer.com/publications/C8A6BDB07F2833D3398D0D8CDF8068
Tortured phrases were detected by Cabanac, G., Labbé, C., & Magazinov, A. (2021). Tortured phrases: A dubious writing style emerging in science. Evidence of critical issues affecting established journals. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.06751.
