This is a screenshot of the affiliations of a paper published in 2024. What hypotheses related to research integrity can you draw from them?

The paper probably originates from a paper mill due to the unlikely combination of affiliations. First, universities from many countries are involved, making such collaboration improbable. Second, the specializations of many co-authors do not correspond with each other or with the title of the paper. This is a 'red flag' indicating the potential involvement of a paper mill. However, such a 'red flag' alone is not sufficient to retract a paper; further investigation is required to confirm misconduct. In this case. the paper contains a duplicate image.

https://pubpeer.com/publications/6952285CA3DED4592B4FB5C47CE29A